How to Become an Australian Citizen: Requirements and Process

Ways to Become an Australian Citizen

There are three main pathways:

1. By birth: born in Australia when at least one parent was an Australian citizen or permanent resident
2. By descent: born overseas to an Australian citizen parent
3. By conferral: applying as a permanent resident who meets the requirements

Most adult migrants become citizens by conferral.

Citizenship by Conferral: Requirements

To apply, you must:

• Hold Australian permanent residency (or eligible temporary residency)
• Have been physically present in Australia for at least 4 years immediately before applying, including at least 12 months as a permanent resident
• Not have been absent from Australia for more than 12 months in the 4 years, and not more than 90 days in the 12 months immediately before applying
• Be of good character
• Pass the Australian Citizenship Test (multiple choice, 20 questions, minimum 75% pass mark)
• Be likely to reside or continue to reside in Australia, or maintain a close and continuing association with Australia
• Be 18 or over (children can be included on a parent's application)

The Citizenship Test

The citizenship test covers:

• Australia's democratic beliefs, rights and liberties, and laws
• The pledge you make when becoming a citizen
• Basic knowledge of Australian government and history

Free practice tests are available on the Department of Home Affairs website.

The Application Process

1. Apply online through the Department of Home Affairs
2. Pay the application fee
3. Sit and pass the citizenship test (if required)
4. Attend a citizenship ceremony and make the pledge of commitment

Processing times vary from a few months to over a year depending on your circumstances and application volume.

Character Requirement

You may not be eligible if you have been convicted of a serious offence, have an outstanding immigration debt, or the Department considers you not to be of good character.